An Adventurer's Guide to Prince Edward Island National Park, Prince Edward Island, Canada

National Parks | Plan Your Trip | Prince Edward Island

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Established 1937

Prince Edward Island National Park, established in 1937, offers pristine beaches, lush forests, and historic sites. Experience breathtaking landscapes, diverse wildlife, and the charm of Green Gables in this coastal paradise.

Overview

Prince Edward Island National Park, located on the picturesque Prince Edward Island (PEI) in Canada, is a haven for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers. Spanning approximately 27 miles along the island’s north shore, the park is renowned for its stunning coastal landscapes, diverse ecosystems, and rich cultural history. Established in 1937, it offers visitors an opportunity to explore red sandstone cliffs, rolling sand dunes, salt marshes, and lush woodlands, all while enjoying the island’s unique charm.

The park is divided into three main sections: Cavendish, Brackley-Dalvay, and Greenwich. Each area boasts its own unique features and attractions. Cavendish is famous for its connection to Lucy Maud Montgomery’s beloved “Anne of Green Gables” series, while Brackley-Dalvay offers pristine beaches and recreational opportunities. Greenwich is a treasure trove of natural wonders, with rare dune systems and a rich tapestry of plant and animal life.

Whether you’re interested in hiking, bird watching, or simply relaxing on the beach, Prince Edward Island National Park has something for everyone. Its blend of natural beauty and cultural significance makes it a must-visit destination for those looking to experience the best of what PEI has to offer.

Getting to Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is easily accessible by various modes of transportation, making it a convenient destination for travelers from near and far. Here are some options for getting to Prince Edward Island and Prince Edward Island National Park:

By Air: The quickest way to reach PEI is by air. The Charlottetown Airport (YYG) is the island’s primary airport, located just 15 minutes from the provincial capital, Charlottetown. Several airlines offer regular flights to Charlottetown from major Canadian cities such as Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. During the summer months, there are also direct flights from select U.S. cities.

By Car: Driving to Prince Edward Island is a popular option for those who prefer the flexibility of having their own vehicle. The island is connected to the mainland by the Confederation Bridge, an engineering marvel that spans 8 miles across the Northumberland Strait. The bridge connects Borden-Carleton, PEI, to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick, and is open year-round. Once on the island, it’s a scenic drive to the various sections of the national park.

By Ferry: Another option for reaching PEI is by ferry. The Northumberland Ferries Limited operates a seasonal ferry service between Caribou, Nova Scotia, and Wood Islands, PEI. The ferry ride takes approximately 75 minutes and offers a relaxing way to begin your island adventure. Be sure to check the ferry schedule and book your tickets in advance, especially during the busy summer season.

By Bus: For those who prefer not to drive, bus services are available. Maritime Bus operates routes connecting major cities in the Maritime provinces, including Charlottetown. From Charlottetown, you can rent a car or use local transportation to reach the national park.

Local Transportation: Once on Prince Edward Island, getting around is relatively easy. Renting a car is the most convenient option for exploring the island and reaching Prince Edward Island National Park. Alternatively, there are taxi services and limited public transportation options available.

Regardless of how you choose to travel, reaching Prince Edward Island is the first step in your adventure to explore the natural beauty and cultural heritage of Prince Edward Island National Park.

Human History

Prince Edward Island National Park is not only a natural treasure but also a site rich in human history, reflecting the diverse cultures and communities that have shaped the island over centuries.

Indigenous Peoples

Long before European settlers arrived, the Mi’kmaq people inhabited Prince Edward Island. The Mi’kmaq, who are part of the larger Algonquian-speaking peoples, have lived on the island for thousands of years. They relied on the island’s abundant natural resources for their livelihood, engaging in fishing, hunting, and gathering. The Mi’kmaq have a deep spiritual connection to the land, which is reflected in their cultural practices and traditions.

European Exploration and Settlement

The first European known to have visited Prince Edward Island was the French explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. He named the island “Île Saint-Jean.” However, it wasn’t until the early 18th century that permanent European settlements were established. The French settlers, known as Acadians, arrived in the early 1700s and began to develop the island’s agricultural potential.

In 1758, during the Seven Years’ War, the British captured the island from the French and renamed it St. John’s Island. The Acadian settlers were forcibly deported, and the island’s population was dramatically altered. British settlers, primarily of Scottish and Irish descent, began to arrive and establish new communities.

Anne of Green Gables and Literary Significance

One of the most significant cultural contributions of Prince Edward Island is its association with Lucy Maud Montgomery and her beloved novel, “Anne of Green Gables.” Published in 1908, the book is set in the fictional village of Avonlea, inspired by the Cavendish area of PEI. Montgomery’s vivid descriptions of the island’s landscapes and the charming character of Anne Shirley have captivated readers worldwide.

The Green Gables farmhouse, located within the national park, is a central attraction for visitors. The site includes the house, grounds, and several heritage walking trails that allow visitors to experience the landscapes that inspired Montgomery’s writing.

Establishment of the National Park

Prince Edward Island National Park was established in 1937, largely due to the efforts of local communities and government officials who recognized the need to preserve the island’s unique natural and cultural heritage. The park’s creation aimed to protect the island’s fragile coastal ecosystems and provide recreational opportunities for residents and visitors alike.

Modern Developments and Conservation

Over the years, the park has undergone various developments and improvements to enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the conservation of its natural resources. Efforts have been made to protect endangered species, restore habitats, and manage the impact of tourism on the park’s delicate ecosystems.

Today, Prince Edward Island National Park is not only a place of natural beauty but also a living testament to the island’s rich history and cultural heritage. It continues to be a site where the stories of the Mi’kmaq, Acadians, British settlers, and literary figures like Lucy Maud Montgomery are preserved and celebrated.

Ecology

Prince Edward Island National Park is a vibrant ecosystem teeming with diverse plant and animal species. Its varied habitats, ranging from coastal dunes to forested areas, support a wide array of wildlife and vegetation, making it a fascinating destination for nature lovers.

Coastal Ecosystems

One of the most striking features of the park is its extensive coastal dune system, particularly in the Greenwich area. These dunes are some of the rarest and most well-preserved in North America. The dynamic nature of the dunes, shaped by wind and waves, creates a constantly changing landscape. Marram grass, with its deep root system, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the dunes and preventing erosion.

Salt Marshes and Freshwater Ponds

The park is also home to several salt marshes and freshwater ponds. Salt marshes, located primarily in the Brackley-Dalvay area, serve as vital nurseries for fish and invertebrates. They also provide essential habitat for a variety of bird species. The rich, organic soil and abundant plant life, including salt-tolerant species like glasswort and cordgrass, contribute to the high productivity of these ecosystems.

Freshwater ponds, such as Dalvay Lake, offer a different type of habitat. These ponds support a range of aquatic plants, including pond lilies and cattails, and provide breeding grounds for amphibians and a watering source for wildlife.

Forested Areas

Beyond the coastal and wetland areas, the park features mixed forests composed of coniferous and deciduous trees. Red spruce, balsam fir, and white pine dominate the coniferous forests, while sugar maple, yellow birch, and red oak are common in deciduous areas. These forests provide critical habitat for mammals such as red foxes, snowshoe hares, and a variety of bird species, including the black-capped chickadee and northern flicker.

Wildlife

The diverse habitats within Prince Edward Island National Park support a rich array of wildlife. Birdwatchers will be delighted by the variety of species that can be observed throughout the park. Shorebirds, such as the piping plover, are commonly seen along the beaches and dunes. The piping plover, a federally protected species, nests in the park, and conservation efforts are ongoing to ensure its survival.

Mammals like red foxes and snowshoe hares are frequently spotted in the park. Red foxes, in particular, have become an iconic species of PEI and are known for their curious and sometimes playful behavior. White-tailed deer, although less commonly seen, also inhabit the park’s forested areas.

Marine Life

The waters surrounding Prince Edward Island National Park are equally rich in marine life. The Gulf of St. Lawrence, which borders the park, is home to a variety of fish species, including mackerel, herring, and Atlantic salmon. Seals can often be seen lounging on the shores or swimming in the waters, adding to the park’s diverse wildlife.

Conservation Efforts

Conservation is a key priority within the park to protect its unique ecosystems and the species that depend on them. Efforts include habitat restoration, invasive species management, and public education programs to raise awareness about the importance of preserving the park’s natural resources.

Visitors to Prince Edward Island National Park are encouraged to respect wildlife and habitats by staying on designated trails, adhering to park regulations, and participating in conservation initiatives. Through these efforts, the park aims to ensure that its ecological treasures remain intact for future generations to enjoy.

Geology

The geological history of Prince Edward Island National Park is a fascinating tale that spans hundreds of millions of years, contributing to the island’s unique landscape and natural beauty. Understanding the park’s geology offers insight into the processes that have shaped its cliffs, dunes, and shorelines.

Formation of Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island is part of the larger Appalachian region, which was formed through complex geological processes involving tectonic activity, sedimentation, and erosion. The island itself is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks, including sandstone, shale, and conglomerate, dating back to the Permian and Carboniferous periods, approximately 250-300 million years ago.

Red Sandstone Cliffs

One of the most distinctive geological features of Prince Edward Island National Park is its red sandstone cliffs. These cliffs, particularly prominent along the Cavendish and North Rustico sections of the park, owe their vibrant color to the high iron oxide content in the sandstone. Over millions of years, the iron within the rock oxidized, giving the cliffs their characteristic red hue.

The cliffs are continually shaped by the forces of erosion, with waves and wind carving out dramatic formations and sea caves. Visitors can observe these processes in action and gain an appreciation for the dynamic nature of the island’s coastline.

Coastal Dunes

The coastal dune systems within the park, especially in the Greenwich area, are another remarkable geological feature. These dunes were formed over thousands of years by the action of wind and waves, which transported sand from the shoreline inland. The dunes are constantly changing as they are reshaped by natural forces.

Greenwich is home to a unique parabolic dune system, one of the few of its kind in North America. This system includes “floating” dunes that move inland, as well as smaller “blowouts” where vegetation has been disturbed, allowing sand to be blown out of the dune.

Glacial Influence

The last Ice Age, which ended approximately 10,000 years ago, played a significant role in shaping the landscape of Prince Edward Island. Glaciers covered much of the region, and as they advanced and retreated, they scoured the land, depositing glacial till and shaping the island’s topography. The melting glaciers also contributed to the formation of freshwater ponds and wetlands within the park.

Fossils

Fossils can be found within the sedimentary rock layers of Prince Edward Island National Park, providing a window into the island’s ancient past. Fossilized plant material, as well as traces of marine organisms, can be discovered embedded in the sandstone. These fossils offer clues about the environment and climate of the region during the time when these rocks were formed.

Erosion and Coastal Change

Erosion continues to be a significant geological process affecting the park. The constant action of waves and storms leads to the gradual wearing away of the cliffs and the shifting of sand along the beaches. Coastal erosion is a natural and ongoing process, and the park management takes measures to monitor and mitigate its impact on infrastructure and habitats.

Geological Education

The park provides various opportunities for visitors to learn about its geology. Interpretive programs, guided walks, and educational displays help visitors understand the geological history of the area and the processes that continue to shape it. By fostering a deeper appreciation of the park’s geological features, these educational efforts contribute to the conservation and protection of this unique landscape.

Best Places to Stay

When visiting Prince Edward Island National Park, you’ll find a variety of accommodation options that cater to different preferences and budgets. Whether you prefer camping under the stars, staying in a cozy cottage, or enjoying the amenities of a hotel, there are plenty of choices to ensure a comfortable and memorable stay.

Camping

For those who love the outdoors, camping is an excellent way to experience the natural beauty of the park. The park offers several campgrounds, each providing a unique setting and range of facilities.

Cavendish Campground: Located in the Cavendish section of the park, Cavendish Campground is the largest and most popular camping area. It offers a range of camping options, including tent sites, RV sites with electrical hookups, and oTENTik accommodations. The oTENTik units are a cross between a tent and a cabin, providing a comfortable and convenient option for families and those new to camping. The campground features modern amenities such as washrooms, showers, a playground, and a camp store.

Stanhope Campground: Stanhope Campground, situated in the Brackley-Dalvay section of the park, is another great option for campers. It offers a quieter, more relaxed atmosphere compared to Cavendish. The campground provides tent and RV sites, some with electrical hookups. Facilities include washrooms, showers, and a playground. The nearby Stanhope Beach is perfect for swimming, sunbathing, and picnicking.

Cottages and Cabins

For a more rustic yet comfortable stay, consider renting a cottage or cabin. Many of these accommodations are located just outside the park boundaries, providing easy access to the park’s attractions while offering a cozy retreat.

Cavendish Beach Cottages: Cavendish Beach Cottages are located near the entrance to Cavendish Beach and offer charming, fully equipped cottages with beautiful views of the ocean. These cottages come with kitchens, living areas, and outdoor decks, making them ideal for families or groups.

Dalvay by the Sea: Dalvay by the Sea is a historic hotel located within the Brackley-Dalvay section of the park. This grand Victorian mansion, built in 1895, offers a unique and elegant accommodation experience. The hotel features beautifully appointed rooms, a fine dining restaurant, and a cozy lounge. The scenic location, overlooking Dalvay Lake and the ocean, provides a tranquil and picturesque setting.

Hotels and Inns

For those who prefer the convenience and amenities of a hotel, several options are available in nearby communities.

The Great George: Located in Charlottetown, The Great George is a boutique hotel offering a blend of historic charm and modern comfort. The hotel is a collection of restored heritage buildings, each with its own character and style. Guests can enjoy luxurious rooms, personalized service, and easy access to Charlottetown’s attractions.

Rodd Crowbush Golf & Beach Resort: For a more upscale stay, consider the Rodd Crowbush Golf & Beach Resort, located near Morell. This resort offers a range of accommodations, including guest rooms, suites, and cottages. It boasts an on-site golf course, a spa, and dining options. The resort’s proximity to the park’s Greenwich section makes it an ideal base for exploring the area.

Bed and Breakfasts

Prince Edward Island is known for its warm hospitality, and staying at a bed and breakfast is a great way to experience it. Many B&Bs are located in charming, historic homes and offer personalized service and delicious homemade breakfasts.

Kindred Spirits Country Inn: Located near Cavendish, Kindred Spirits Country Inn is a delightful B&B offering cozy rooms and cottages. The inn features beautiful gardens, a pool, and a hot tub. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning and easy access to the park’s attractions.

No matter where you choose to stay, you’ll find that Prince Edward Island National Park offers a range of accommodations to suit every traveler’s needs. From camping under the stars to enjoying the comforts of a historic inn, each option provides a unique way to experience the park’s natural beauty and charm.

Enjoying the Park

Prince Edward Island National Park offers a wealth of activities and experiences for visitors to enjoy. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast, a history buff, or simply looking to relax and take in the scenery, there’s something for everyone. Here are some of the best things to do in the park:

Hiking and Walking Trails

The park features a variety of hiking and walking trails that cater to different fitness levels and interests. These trails provide an excellent way to explore the park’s diverse landscapes and enjoy its natural beauty.

Green Gables Shore: One of the most popular areas for hiking is the Green Gables Shore, where you can find several well-maintained trails. The Haunted Wood Trail and Lover’s Lane, located near the Green Gables Heritage Place, offer a chance to walk in the footsteps of Anne Shirley and experience the landscapes that inspired Lucy Maud Montgomery’s “Anne of Green Gables.”

Homestead Trail: The Homestead Trail, located in the Cavendish area, is a 6.7-mile loop that takes you through a mix of forests, fields, and coastal dunes. This trail offers stunning views of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is a great option for a moderate hike.

Greenwich Dunes Trail:mThe Greenwich Dunes Trail is a must-do for nature enthusiasts. This 2.9-mile trail features a floating boardwalk that takes you through a rare parabolic dune system and ends at a beautiful beach. Along the way, interpretive panels provide information about the area’s unique ecology and geology.

Beaches

Prince Edward Island National Park is renowned for its pristine beaches, where visitors can swim, sunbathe, and enjoy the scenic coastline. Some of the most popular beaches include:

Cavendish Beach: Cavendish Beach is one of the most famous beaches on the island, known for its red sand and sandstone cliffs. It’s a great spot for swimming, picnicking, and beachcombing. The beach is equipped with facilities such as washrooms, showers, and a canteen.

Brackley Beach: Brackley Beach, located in the Brackley-Dalvay section of the park, offers soft white sand and warm waters. It’s an ideal spot for families, with amenities including washrooms, changing rooms, and a playground. The beach is also a popular destination for birdwatching.

Greenwich Beach: Greenwich Beach is less crowded than Cavendish and Brackley, offering a more serene and natural setting. The beach is accessible via the Greenwich Dunes Trail and features soft sand and clear waters. It’s a great spot for a relaxing day by the sea.

Cycling

The park provides excellent opportunities for cycling, with several trails and roads suitable for biking. The Gulf Shore Parkway, a scenic coastal route, is particularly popular among cyclists. The park also has designated cycling trails that take you through forests, fields, and along the coastline.

Birdwatching

Birdwatching is a popular activity in Prince Edward Island National Park, thanks to its diverse habitats that attract a wide variety of bird species. The park is home to over 300 bird species, making it a paradise for bird enthusiasts.

Greenwich Interpretation Centre

The Greenwich Interpretation Centre is a great place to start your birdwatching adventure. The centre provides information about the park’s bird species and offers guided birdwatching tours. The nearby trails and boardwalks are excellent spots for observing birds in their natural habitats.

Brackley-Dalvay Area

The salt marshes and freshwater ponds in the Brackley-Dalvay area are also prime birdwatching locations. Keep an eye out for shorebirds, waterfowl, and raptors. The area is particularly important for the endangered piping plover, which nests along the park’s beaches.

Water Activities

The waters surrounding Prince Edward Island National Park offer a range of activities for water enthusiasts. From kayaking to paddleboarding, there’s plenty to keep you busy on the water.

Kayaking: Kayaking is a fantastic way to explore the park’s coastline and enjoy the marine environment. Several local outfitters offer kayak rentals and guided tours, providing an opportunity to paddle through the calm waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and explore hidden coves and inlets.

Paddleboarding: Paddleboarding is another popular activity in the park. The calm waters near the beaches are perfect for paddleboarding, offering a fun and relaxing way to experience the coast. Rentals and lessons are available from local providers.

Cultural and Historical Sites

In addition to its natural attractions, Prince Edward Island National Park is rich in cultural and historical sites that offer a glimpse into the island’s past.

Green Gables Heritage Place: No visit to the park would be complete without a trip to Green Gables Heritage Place. This site, which inspired Lucy Maud Montgomery’s “Anne of Green Gables,” includes the Green Gables house, interpretive trails, and a visitor centre. Explore the house, stroll through the Haunted Wood, and immerse yourself in the world of Anne Shirley.

Dalvay-by-the-Sea: Dalvay-by-the-Sea is a historic hotel located within the park. Built in 1895, this grand Victorian mansion offers a glimpse into the island’s elegant past. Even if you’re not staying at the hotel, you can enjoy a meal at the restaurant or take a leisurely stroll around the beautiful grounds.

Programs and Events

The park offers a variety of interpretive programs and events throughout the year. These programs provide educational and engaging experiences for visitors of all ages.

Interpretive Programs: Park interpreters lead guided walks, talks, and demonstrations that cover a range of topics, from the park’s ecology and geology to its cultural history. These programs are a great way to deepen your understanding of the park and its unique features.

Special Events: The park hosts several special events each year, including cultural celebrations, outdoor concerts, and family-friendly activities. Check the park’s calendar for upcoming events during your visit.

Conclusion

Prince Edward Island National Park is a destination that offers something for everyone. Whether you’re hiking through lush forests, relaxing on pristine beaches, or exploring the rich cultural history, the park provides endless opportunities for adventure and discovery. With its stunning landscapes, diverse ecosystems, and welcoming atmosphere, it’s no wonder that Prince Edward Island National Park is a beloved destination for visitors from around the world. So pack your bags, plan your visit, and get ready to experience the natural beauty and charm of this incredible national park.

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An Adventurer’s Guide to Prince Edward Island National Park, Prince Edward Island, Canada